WHO Director-General Dr Tedros has determined that the upsurge of mpox (formerly monkeypox) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and a growing number of countries in Africa constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) under the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR). The PHEIC will help to take further coordinated international action to support countries in combating disease outbreaks.
This PHEIC determination is the second in two years relating to mpox. Mpox was first detected in humans in 1970, in the DRC. The viral disease is caused by the Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is present in the wildlife (in certain small mammals) and the disease is considered endemic in countries in central and west Africa. In July 2022, the multi-country outbreak of mpox was declared a PHEIC after an outbreak occurred in Europe and spread rapidly via sexual contact across a range of countries where the virus had not been seen before. That PHEIC was declared over in May 2023 after there had been a sustained decline in global cases.
Since November 2023, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has seen a significant increase in mpox cases and the emergence of a new mpox clade I. The country has reported over 16’000 new cases and more than 500 deaths in 2024. Mpox outbreaks are caused by different clades, clades 1 and 2. Historically, clade 1 has been associated with a higher percentage of people with mpox developing severe illness or dying, compared to clade 2. The clades are now subdivided into clade 1a, 1b and clade 2a, 2b.
Details to Mpox, see LINKs of Swiss FOPH, Robert Koch-Institute Germany, ECDC, CDC.
Countries where mpox virus clade I and/or clade II have been detected:
Follow local media and local health authority advice.
The following prevention measures should be followed during a stay in countries where mpox is endemic/epidemic:
General precautions:
A vaccination against mpox is available (Jynneos®, manufacture Bavarian Nordic). There is an increased demand worldwide with risk of vaccine shortage. The Swiss Expert for Travel Medicine recommends vaccination against mpox in following situations, status 16 August 2024 (the recommendation will be updated regularly depending on the development of the outbreak):
1. People staying or travelling to Eastern D.R. Congo and Burundi in case of:
2. People staying outside of Eastern D.R. Congo and Burundi (worldwide) in case of:
At the present time, it is assumed that the available vaccine (Jynneos®) is also effective against the new clade I. This vaccine is considered safe and highly effective in preventing severe Mpox disease.
In case of symptoms:
For clinicians:
The European Center for Disease Control (ECDC) has issued a risk assessment on 16 August 2024 with specific advice, for details see LINK.
Protect yourself against ticks during outdoor activities (see Factsheet Mosquito Protection). Vaccination is recommended when staying in endemic areas. Complete basic immunisation requires three vaccination doses. Protection for a limited period of time already exists after two vaccination doses. These first two vaccinations are usually given one month apart. The third vaccination is given 5-12 months after the second dose, depending on the vaccine. A booster vaccination is indicated after 10 years.
After recreational activities: Always check your body for ticks or tick bites. If redness occurs after a tick bite: Consult a doctor to rule out Lyme disease, which would require antibiotic treatment.
In the beginning of May 2022, one case of monkeypox was detected in England, which had occurred after travel to Nigeria. In the course of this, 6 further cases of monkeypox were diagnosed in England in people with no previous travel and no contact with known travel-associated cases. These are two cases in one family and four cases in men who have sex with men (MSM). The latter apparently got infected in London. Apart from the family and two of the MSM cases, there are no known links between the cases. Further 2 cases have been reported in the meantime. Investigations into the sources of infection and other suspected cases are in progress.
Additional cases are reported by GeoSentinel and various media reports from the following countries:
Description: Monkeypox is a zoonosis caused by an orthopoxvirus, a DNA virus genetically related to the variola and vaccinia viruses. Monkeypox is endemic in West and Central Africa. Increased cases have been recorded in Nigeria since September 2017, and imports by returning travellers to England and the USA have also been recorded more frequently in recent years. There are two types of monkeypox virus: the West African type and the Central African type (Congo Basin).
Transmission: Monkeypox is transmitted from infected animals by a bite or by direct contact with blood, body fluids or lesions of the infected animal. It can be transmitted via abrasions in the mouth to people who eat infected animals. It can also be transmitted from person to person via the respiratory tract, through direct contact with body fluids of an infected person or with virus-contaminated objects. The incubation period is 5-21 days, usually about 7 to 17 days.
Symptoms: Symptoms of monkeypox include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes and chills. 1- 3 days after the onset of symptoms, a rash develops that may look like chickenpox or syphilis and spreads from the face to other parts of the body, including the genitals. The disease is usually mild. In immunocompromised individuals, the disease can be severe. The mortality rate is about 1% for the West African type and up to 10% for the Central African type.
For further details, see WHO factsheet, ECDC and CDC.
Further cases must be expected. Persons showing symptoms as described above should contact a doctor, ideally in advance by telephone. Persons who have several sexual partners or practice casual sex should be particularly vigilant!
Prevention: Good personal hygiene, avoid contact with infected persons and animals at all costs. During stays in West and Central Africa: No consumption of bushmeat. The individual risk of contact with a patient with monkeypox depends on the type and duration of contact. In the case of very close contact with a case (e.g. family members, aeroplane neighbours, medical personnel), the risk of infection has so far been classified as moderate; in the case of sexual / intimate contact, it is probably high.
Source image: NCDC
WHO 18.5.2022, RKI 19.5.2022, UK GOV, 16.5.2022, Outbreak News Today, 18.5.2022, CDC, Labor Spiez
Protect yourself against ticks during outdoor activities (see factsheet mosquito and tick bite protection). Vaccination against TBE is recommended for (planned) stays in endemic areas (CH: throughout Switzerland except cantons of Geneva and Ticino).
After recreational activities: Always examine your body for ticks or tick bites. If redness appears at least 3 days (7-10 days on average) after tick bite: consult a physician to rule out erythema migrans (Lyme disease), which would require antibiotic treatment.
Over 120 cases of salmonella have been reported since 2019 in Germany (68 cases), Sweden (37 cases), Norway (5 cases), Denmark (9 cases), and the Netherlands (2 cases). Cases have also been reported in the United States and Canada. The salmonella outbreak is linked to sesame products (tahini and halva) imported from Syria. Fourteen batches have tested positive for one or more of the Salmonella-outbreak strains. Tahini is a paste made from raw sesame seeds. Halva is a confectionery product that contains a high percentage of sesame seeds.
The recurrent occurrence of cases and the repeated discovery of positive samples since 2019 indicate that contaminated sesame-based products have been circulating in the EU market for more than two years.
Consequences for travelers
Considering the limited information on the production and distribution of the sesame products from Syria, there is still a risk of new salmonella infections in the EU/European Economic Area. Caution should be shown when consuming these products (tahini, halva).
References
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_DE_TBE.pdf
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
There is a risk of arthropod-borne diseases other than malaria, dengue, chikungunya or zika in sub-/tropical regions, and some areas of Southern Europe. These include the following diseases [and their vectors]:
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
Wichtig: Eine STI kann auch ohne oder mit nur leichten Symptomen auftreten. Auch wenn Sie sich dessen nicht bewusst sind, können Sie andere anstecken. Deshalb ist es wichtig sich testen zu lassen.
Durch Bakterien oder Parasiten hervorgerufen
Alle diese Krankheiten können geheilt werden. Wichtig ist dabei, frühzeitig zu testen und umgehend zu therapieren, um Komplikationen und v.a. weitere Übertragungen zu vermeiden.
Durch Viren hervorgerufen
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_IT_Dengue.pdf
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
Il vaiolo è stato riscontrato comunemente in Africa occidentale e centrale per molti anni, dove il presunto serbatoio - i piccoli mammiferi - è endemico. Esistono due tipi di virus del vaiolo delle scimmie, chiamati "cladi", che causano la malattia: il clade I in Africa centrale e il clade II in Africa occidentale. Dalla fine delle campagne di vaccinazione contro il vaiolo all'inizio degli anni '80, i casi di vaiolo sono aumentati, all'inizio lentamente e negli ultimi 5-10 anni in modo significativo, soprattutto nella Repubblica Democratica del Congo (RDC).
Nel 2022, una nuova sottoclade emergente del clade II è stata responsabile di un'epidemia globale che si è diffusa principalmente attraverso il contatto sessuale tra uomini che hanno rapporti sessuali con uomini. Ne è scaturita la prima emergenza sanitaria pubblica di interesse internazionale (PHEIC) dichiarata dall'OMS fino al 2023. Sebbene l'epidemia del clade II sia ora sotto controllo, continua a circolare in tutto il mondo.
Nel 2024, la continua diffusione dell'mpox clade I nelle regioni endemiche dell'Africa centrale, in particolare nella RDC, e l'emergere di una nuova sottoclade Ib nell'est della RDC e nei Paesi limitrofi hanno destato preoccupazione a livello globale e hanno spinto l'OMS a dichiarare una PHEIC per la seconda volta in due anni. L'attuale diffusione geografica della variante mpox clade Ib avviene per vie commerciali attraverso il contatto sessuale (ad esempio, le lavoratrici del sesso), seguita dalla trasmissione locale nelle famiglie e in altri ambienti (che sta diventando sempre più importante).
Trasmissione da animale a uomo
L'Mpox può diffondersi dall'animale all'uomo quando questi entra in contatto diretto con un animale infetto (roditori o primati).
Trasmissione da uomo a uomo
Il vaiolo si può diffondere da persona a persona attraverso uno stretto contatto fisico (sessuale e non) con una persona che presenta i sintomi del vaiolo. Le lesioni della pelle e delle mucose, i fluidi corporei e le croste sono particolarmente contagiosi. Una persona può infettarsi anche toccando o maneggiando indumenti, lenzuola, asciugamani o oggetti come utensili/piatti per mangiare che sono stati contaminati dal contatto con una persona con i sintomi. I membri della famiglia, gli assistenti familiari e i partner sessuali di un caso confermato di mpox sono a maggior rischio di infezione, così come gli operatori sanitari che trattano un caso senza un'adeguata protezione personale.
Il periodo di incubazione (tempo che intercorre tra l'infezione e la comparsa dei sintomi) varia da pochi giorni a 3 settimane. La Mpox provoca un'eruzione cutanea che può essere dolorosa, associata a linfonodi ingrossati e febbre. La febbre può iniziare già prima della fase esantematica. Altri sintomi includono dolori muscolari, mal di schiena e affaticamento. L'eruzione cutanea può essere localizzata o generalizzata, con poche o centinaia di lesioni cutanee. Colpisce principalmente il viso, il tronco, i palmi delle mani e le piante dei piedi. Può essere presente anche nelle aree genitali e sulle membrane mucose come la bocca e la gola. I sintomi durano in genere dalle 2 alle 4 settimane e la persona rimane contagiosa fino alla guarigione di tutte le lesioni (una volta cadute le cabine).
Le complicazioni includono infezioni batteriche secondarie, infezioni polmonari e cerebrali e coinvolgimento di altri organi, parto prematuro e altro. I bambini, le donne in gravidanza e le persone con un sistema immunitario debole sono più a rischio di sviluppare una forma grave di mpox.
La maggior parte delle persone affette da mpox guarisce spontaneamente e non necessita di un trattamento antivirale specifico. La gestione dell'assistenza consiste nell'alleviare il dolore e gli altri sintomi e nel prevenire le complicazioni (ad esempio, la superinfezione). Diversi trattamenti antivirali sono studiati in vari Paesi e possono essere utilizzati in studi o in situazioni cliniche secondo le raccomandazioni delle società mediche nazionali.
In caso di sintomi:
Precauzioni generali:
Vaccinazione:
Esistono diversi vaccini contro il vaiolo (ad esempio Jynneos®, produzione Bavarian Nordic). Il vaccino Bavarian Nordic è stato originariamente sviluppato per combattere il vaiolo, ma offre una protezione incrociata contro il vaiolo. In Svizzera, il vaccino Jynneos® è autorizzato da Swissmedic dal 2024. I gruppi a rischio (ad esempio, gli uomini che hanno rapporti sessuali con altri uomini o le persone transgender con più partner sessuali) possono essere vaccinati dal 2022 e questa raccomandazione rimane invariata (vedi raccomandazioni dell'UFSP). Alla luce della situazione epidemiologica in Africa nel 2024, il Comitato svizzero di esperti in medicina dei viaggi raccomanda la vaccinazione contro l'mpox per i professionisti che sono/saranno in contatto con pazienti sospetti di mpox in regioni endemiche/epidemiche o che lavorano in un laboratorio in cui è presente il virus (per gli aggiornamenti, vedi news).
Il rischio per la popolazione generale e per i viaggiatori (turisti) è considerato estremamente basso se vengono seguite le precauzioni generali di cui sopra e se la vaccinazione non è raccomandata.
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